KMT Agri-research
Market and Economic Feasibility of Granulated Lime in Kenya
Approximately 13 percent of Kenya’s agricultural land (about 7.5 million hectares) is affected by soil acidity. Acidity presents a significant constraint towards the country’s efforts to maximise productivity and achieve food and nutritional security. The high crop potential areas are majorly affected by soil acidity due to continuous cropping, loss of organic carbon, nutrient leaching, and inappropriate use of fertilisers.
Preliminary Reviews On Agricultural Lime
Agricultural Productivity and Soil Acidity
Farm-level agricultural productivity is affected by various challenges. They include limited access to quality inputs, low extension support, slow adoption of improved technologies, and soil degradation (FAO. 2017; Bekabil, 2014). According to KARLO (2019), yields for common crops such as maize have stagnated at around 1.7 MT/ha for smallholder farmers than some commercial farmers who achieve between 10 to 15 MT/ha while yields for beans range between o.3MT/Ha to 0.5mt/ha. To increase crop productivity, smallholder farmers often tend to increase the use of fertilisers. According to KALRO (2018), the use of fertilisers increased by 25% between 2014 and 2016. According to the Ministry of Agriculture (2018), the most commonly used fertiliser is Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP).
Even though the current average fertiliser use of 30kg/ha, falls far below the 50kg/ha recommended by the Abuja Declaration of 2006, nitrogenous fertilisers such as DAP have mostly resulted in acidic soils. Soil acidity also increases with heavy rainfall and leaching, use of ammonium-based fertilisers, acidic parent material, soil erosion and organic matter decay.
About agricultural lime
Agricultural lime is a soil additive made from pulverised limestone or chalk. The primary active component is calcium carbonate. Of the various agricultural liming materials used to manage soil acidity, calcium carbonate is the most effective with a neutralising value of 100%, followed by dolomitic lime. Agricultural lime comes in magnesium or calcium forms and several states: oxides, hydroxide, silicate or carbonate. Calcium and magnesium on their own will not neutralise the pH level. Only when applied in these forms, will they serve the purpose of lowering acidity levels.
Agricultural lime is used to increase the soil pH through combination with hydrogen ions present in the soil to neutralise toxic elements and decrease plant availability of elements such as aluminium and manganese which can be toxic to plants. Lime also increases the nutrients available to plants; adds calcium and (or) magnesium to the soil, and improves the environment for beneficial soil microorganisms. These microorganisms promote the rapid breakdown of organic materials in the soil, releasing nutrients for optimal crops growth. Liming also promotes nodulation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in leguminous crops.
The Key Benefits Of Agricultural Lime Include:
Raising soil pH, improving the soil properties and nutrients available to the plants as it improves the availability and uptake of major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium) of plants growing on acid soils;
Current access and demand for agricultural lime
Knowledge of agricultural lime
Overall, 59.5% of respondents were aware of agricultural lime. The level of farmers’ awareness was considerably high especially in Aberdares (95.7%), Mt. Kenya (67.9%), and North rift (62.3%). South rift, Western and Lake Regions registered awareness levels of 49.6%, 47.5% and 48.7% respectively. Awareness levels were lowest in the Coast region at only 13.3%. Higher awareness levels in the Aberdares and Mt. Kenya regions was mainly attributed to the role of coffee cooperatives in educating farmers about lime; especially given that 3 of the 4 sampled Counties are predominantly coffee growing Counties.
Sources of information on agricultural lime
Farmers who reported being aware of lime, 52.9%, 43.8%, 37.5%, and 35.8% in the Mt. Kenya, North Rift, Coast and Aberdares stated the information sources as being fellow farmers. . Agricultural officers were a source of information to 32.7% in the Aberdares, 25% in Coast, 24.5% in Mt. Kenya, and 25.0% in South Rift.
In South rift Media played a big role in creating awareness on agricultural lime at 35.5% while farmers in Lake Region and Western accessed agricultural lime information mainly from Non-governmental agencies at 37.8% and 30.5% respectively. This was followed by fellow farmers at 32.4% and 26.8% respectively. Other reliable information sources that were used by the farmers included; agro-dealers/input suppliers as well as research institutions. In the lake region, research institutions such as KALRO was the third largest source of information on agricultural lime for farmers.
Access to lime
Despite the considerably high awareness on lime (59.5%), only 29.3% of the total respondent population had access to lime (meaning 70.7% did not). Of the 29.3% who reported to have access to agricultural lime were: Nyeri (6.1%), Muranga (5.1%), Kirinyaga (3.5%), Siaya (3.3%), Bungoma (2.4%), Uasin Gishu (2%), Kakamega (1.7%) Meru (1.5%), Trans Nzoia (1.2%), Nyamira (1.2%), and Bomet (1.1%), while Kwale did not report any lime usage.
Sources of lime
Sources of lime varied from one region to another. In Mt. Kenya, majority of the farmers accessing lime purchased it from agrovets/agro-dealers (52.3%) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)26 (34.1%). In Aberdares, FPOs (57.4%) were the largest source of lime, followed by agro-dealers (27%) and Ministry of Agriculture (11.3%)27. In South Rift, agro-dealers provided 80% of the lime while Ministry of Agriculture and National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB) provided the remaining 20%. In Western, cooperatives provided 28.2% of farmers, Ministry of Agriculture 28.2%, and agro-dealers-23.1%. In the Lake Region (Siaya), FPOs (36.7%), agro-dealers (20.0%) and research institutions (20.0%) were the some of the major lime sources. Agro-dealers were the major source of lime in North Rift, followed closely by the Ministry of Agriculture (22.2%).
Farm level economics of lime use
This study found out that lime is applied on maize across all the study regions. In Mt. Kenya and Aberdares regions, lime was applied mainly in coffee. Lime was typically applied in two main methods i.e. micro-dosing (promoted by One- Acre Fund) and lime spreading/broadcasting. The average quantities currently used were 118kgs per acre but differ widely based on the application method. In micro-dosing the average usage was 0.5MT/ha (200kgs/acre) while in broadcasting, farmers used between 2 to 4 bags (100-200kgs per acre. The recommended dosage while broadcasting was 4 tonnes per ha (1.6 tonnes per acre).
Current scenario
Owing to the fact that lime use in Kenya is still low, there is a lack of policies and regulations on the agricultural lime production for the Kenyan Market. This is as opposed to the other related sectors such as fertilizers where regulation is managed by multiple agencies through the Fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs Act, Cap 345, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MOALF). The said act was passed to, “regulate the importation, manufacture and sale of agricultural fertilizers and animal foodstuffs and substances of animal origin intended for the manufacture of such fertilizers and foodstuffs, and to provide for matters incidental to and connected with their use…”.
Key policy challenges
The key policy challenge in the lime industry is the lack of clear quality guidelines and standards for lime. There are disparities in the terminology and application among players in the industry. Some call pelletized lime granulated with some importers calling such products substandard lime which has not gone through a standard granulation process. Owing to different blending methods and mixes, there are no companies that have similar or related products. The competition
in market share is stiff and undercutting in pricing is prevalent. The presence of many lime products/blends have created weaknesses in availability of standard products to both small scale and large scale farmers. It is also not clear as to what percent of lime should be present in blended products. The farmers are more aligned to the respective manufacturer brand who offers technical and advisory services not withstanding quality of the products.
Related to quality of lime is the dosage of application. While a number of recommendations on lime use application dosage exist following various field trials, grey areas still exist as to the quantities to be applied per unit area of land under different soil types, different crops and different acidity levels. There are also grey areas with regard to how long reapplication of lime should take. The best timing and approach to lime application is not clear, leaving farmers confused. Given that no standard exists for granulated lime, KEBS and relevant department should initiate the development of specific standard for granulated lime
On lime awareness and demand acceleration, there lacks national wide awareness creation platforms and funding opportunities. For example, and as compared to fertilizers, the government (National or County), does not have set guidelines for lime subsidies.
What is needed
Kenya Bureau of standards needs to work with industry players to come up with parameters necessary for categorization of the lime products in the market. There is need for standards that spell out the different products in the market, based on active ingredients rather than brand names which confuse customers/farmers. Some lime based products have little lime, but without standards on percentage of lime or other ingredient, it is difficult for farmers to establish if what they are purchasing is quality. Researchers, practitioners, manufactures and development partners can support the government of Kenya to come up with clear policy guidelines and standards for lime use whether the powdered or granulated type of lime.
The government subsidy programme should also be enhanced through inclusion of soil improvement products that can easily be adopted by the farmers. Among the key products to be promoted would be lime products for soil amelioration.
KMT Research
Market and Economic Feasibility of Granulated Lime in Kenya
Format: PDF
Research: 1.3 MB
Policy Brief: 314 KB
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